Bibliography for Definitions
Bowersock, G. Matyrdom and Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995.
Carlsen, Jesper. 2011. Exemplary Deaths in the Arena: Gladiatorial Fights and the Execution of Criminals. In: Engberg, J., Eriksen, U. H., and Petersen, A. K., eds. Early Christianity in the Context of Antiquity: Contextualizing Early Christian Martyrdom. Peter Lang: Frankfurt, pp. 75-91.
Procopius. History of the Wars, I, xxiv, translated by H.B. Dewing. New York: Macmillan, 1914, pp. 219-230.
Primary Sources:
Cassius Dio. Roman History. 67.4.
Cassius Dio. Roman History. 78.
Cicero. Letters to Atticus. 1.4
Livy. Roman History. 39.22.
Livy. Roman History. 9.40 .
Martial. Spectacles. 24.
Pliny the Younger. Letter to Socius Senecio. Book 1.13
Pliny the Elder. Natural History. 34-35.
Tacitus. Annales. 14.20-21.
Tertullian. Apology. 15.4-6.
Vitruvius. On Architecture. 5.1.1-5.3.5.